# 不良示例 def calculate_total(x,y,z):     return x+y+z  # 良好示例 def calculate_total(price, tax, shipping):     """计算包含税费和运费的总成本。"""     return price + tax + shipping

from typing import List, Dict, Optional  def process_user_data(     user_id: int,     settings: Dict[str, str],     tags: Optional[List[str]] = None ) -> bool:     """处理用户数据并返回成功状态。"""     if tags is None:         tags = []     # 处理逻辑     return True

# 不良方法 file = open('data.txt', 'r') content = file.read() file.close()  # 良好方法 with open('data.txt', 'r') as file:     content = file.read()     # 文件会在代码块结束后自动关闭

def fetch_user_data(user_id: int) -> Dict:     try:         # 获取用户数据         user = database.get_user(user_id)         return user.to_dict()     except DatabaseConnectionError as e:         logger.error(f"数据库连接失败: {e}")         raise     except UserNotFoundError:         logger.warning(f"用户 {user_id} 未找到")         return {}

# 简单易读 - 良好！ squares = [x * x for x in range(10)]  # 过于复杂 - 需要拆分 # 不良示例 result = [x.strip().lower() for x in text.split(',') if x.strip() and not x.startswith('#')]  # 更好方法 def process_item(item: str) -> str:     return item.strip().lower()  def is_valid_item(item: str) -> bool:     item = item.strip()     return bool(item) and not item.startswith('#')  result = [process_item(x) for x in text.split(',') if is_valid_item(x)]

from dataclasses import dataclass, field from datetime import datetime  @dataclass class UserProfile:     username: str     email: str     created_at: datetime = field(default_factory=datetime.now)     is_active: bool = True      def __post_init__(self):         self.email = self.email.lower()

import pytest from myapp.calculator import calculate_total  def test_calculate_total_with_valid_inputs():     result = calculate_total(100, 10, 5)     assert result == 115  def test_calculate_total_with_zero_values():     result = calculate_total(100, 0, 0)     assert result == 100  def test_calculate_total_with_negative_values():     with pytest.raises(ValueError):         calculate_total(100, -10, 5)